human pancreatic cancer cell line panc1  (ATCC)

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: ENO1-mediated deoxycytidine synthesis and gemcitabine resistance by stabilizing RRM2 in pancreatic cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41419-025-08061-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: A qPCR analyzed ENO1 mRNA levels in 90 pancreatic cancer and adjacent tissues. B Western blotting was employed to assess the protein expression levels of ENO1 in 12 pairs of fresh pancreatic cancer and adjacent tissues. C Representative immunohistochemical images of ENO1 expression in paired pancreatic cancer tissue samples. D–F Representative IHC staining images of pancreatic cancer tissues based on AJCC staging, T grade, and N stage, along with ENO1 staining scores and distribution of high and low expression in each group.The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). G Forest plot of multivariate COX regression analysis for recurrence-free survival in pancreatic cancer patients. H Impact of ENO1 expression levels on overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in pancreatic cancer patients who received gemcitabine treatment. I ROC curve showing the diagnostic value of ENO1 expression levels for gemcitabine resistance in 100 pancreatic cancer patients. J ENO1 IHC staining and corresponding CT images in gemcitabine-sensitive and gemcitabine-resistant patients. Red arrows indicate primary tumors; blue arrows indicate liver metastases. K Statistical graphs of ENO1 IHC in gemcitabine-sensitive and gemcitabine-resistant patients analyzed using a two-tailed Student’s t-test.

Article Snippet: Human pancreatic cancer cell lines (MiaPaCa-2, Capan-1, PANC-1, BxPC-3, SW1990, AsPC-1, and HPDE cells) and HEK239T cells were sourced from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and maintained at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Western Blot, Expressing, Immunohistochemical staining, Immunohistochemistry, Staining, Diagnostic Assay, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: ENO1-mediated deoxycytidine synthesis and gemcitabine resistance by stabilizing RRM2 in pancreatic cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41419-025-08061-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: A WB assessed ENO1 expression in pancreatic epithelial and cancer cells. B , C Impact of ENO1 knockdown in PANC-1 or overexpression of ENO1 WT /ENO1 D245R in SW1990 on sensitivity to GEM. D , E CCK-8 evaluated proliferation of ENO1 knockdown or overexpressing cell lines post-DMSO or GEM treatment (5 μmol/L GEM for PANC-1, 2 μmol/L for SW1990). The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) F , G Apoptosis rates and statistics for ENO1 knockdown or overexpressing cell lines post-DMSO or GEM treatment.The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) H , K PANC-1 with ENO1 knockdown and its control, and SW1990 with ENO1 overexpression and its control were implanted into nude mice. The resulting tumor images ( H , K ) and corresponding tumor growth curves ( I , L ), as well as tumor weight statistics ( J , M ), were obtained following the experimental procedures. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) N , O IHC detected ENO1, KI-67, and Caspase3 in respective groups. All in vitro experiments were carried out in three replicates.

Article Snippet: Human pancreatic cancer cell lines (MiaPaCa-2, Capan-1, PANC-1, BxPC-3, SW1990, AsPC-1, and HPDE cells) and HEK239T cells were sourced from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and maintained at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Expressing, Knockdown, Over Expression, CCK-8 Assay, Control, In Vitro

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: ENO1-mediated deoxycytidine synthesis and gemcitabine resistance by stabilizing RRM2 in pancreatic cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41419-025-08061-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Schematic and silver staining images of IP-MS to screen ENO1-binding proteins, with IgG precipitation as a negative control. B Endogenous ENO1 or RRM2 precipitation in PANC-1 cell lysates using specific antibodies, followed by WB detection, with IgG as a negative control. C Co-IP assay in HEK293T cells transfected with flag-ENO1 WT or ENO1 D245R and Myc-RRM2 plasmids. Flag-tag and His antibodies were used for protein precipitation and WB detection. D Confocal images showing co-localization of ENO1 (red) and RRM2 (green) in PANC-1 cells, with DAPI staining for nuclei (blue). E Schematic diagram of full-length ENO1 and various truncation mutants. F , G . Co-expression of flag-ENO1 or indicated truncation mutants with His-RRM2 in HEK293T cells. Flag-tag and His antibodies were used for protein precipitation and WB detection. Overexpression of ENO1 WT or ENO1 D245R in SW1990 cells, with WB ( H ) and qPCR ( I ) to detect protein and mRNA levels of ENO1 and RRM2. Data are analyzed using a two-tailed Student’s t-test. J IHC of ENO1 and RRM2 in pancreatic cancer tissues and their correlation. Statistical test: Spearman’s rank correlation. K CHX chase analysis of RRM2 in SW1990 cells overexpressing ENO1 WT or ENO1 D245R . Cells expressing an empty vector served as a negative control. Each data point represents the average intensity of protein blots from three replicate experiments at each time point. L PANC-1 cells transfected with the indicated sh-RNA (left panel), and SW1990 cells transfected with ENO1 WT or ENO1 D245R plasmids (right panel). Cell lysates were subjected to IP with an RRM2 antibody, followed by WB detection. Cells were treated with 20 μM MG132 for 8 h before harvest.All in vitro experiments were carried out in three replicates.

Article Snippet: Human pancreatic cancer cell lines (MiaPaCa-2, Capan-1, PANC-1, BxPC-3, SW1990, AsPC-1, and HPDE cells) and HEK239T cells were sourced from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and maintained at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Silver Staining, Protein-Protein interactions, Binding Assay, Negative Control, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Transfection, FLAG-tag, Staining, Expressing, Over Expression, Two Tailed Test, Plasmid Preparation, In Vitro

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: ENO1-mediated deoxycytidine synthesis and gemcitabine resistance by stabilizing RRM2 in pancreatic cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41419-025-08061-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: A Intersection of significantly downregulated genes in gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell lines from GEO datasets GSE140077 (Log2 FC > 1, P < 0.01) and GSE154909 (Log2 FC > 1, P < 0.01) with predicted E3 ligases of RRM2. B Knockdown of STUB1 in PANC-1 cells and overexpression of STUB1 in SW1990 cells, followed by WB detection of RRM2 protein levels. C IHC of STUB1 and RRM2 in pancreatic cancer tissues and their correlation. Statistical test: Spearman’s rank correlation. D Endogenous STUB1 or RRM2 precipitation in PANC-1 cell lysates using specific antibodies, followed by WB detection. E Co-IP assay in HEK293T cells transfected with Myc-STUB1 and His-RRM2 plasmids. His and Myc antibodies were used for protein precipitation and WB detection. F Confocal images showing co-localization of STUB1 (red) and RRM2 (green) in PANC-1 cells, with DAPI staining for nuclei (blue). G CHX chase analysis of RRM2 in SW1990 cells overexpressing STUB1. Each data point represents the average intensity of protein blots from three replicate experiments at each time point. H PANC-1 cells were transfected with the indicated sh-RNA (left panel), and SW1990 cells were transfected with the STUB1 plasmid (right panel). Cell lysates were subjected to IP with an RRM2 antibody, followed by WB detection. Cells were treated with 20 μM MG132 for 8 h before harvest. I Schematic diagram of full-length RRM2 and various truncation mutants. J Ubiquitination analysis in HEK293T cells co-transfected with HA-Ub, Myc-STUB1, and His-tagged RRM2 and its various deletion mutants, treated with 20 μM MG132 for 8 h. K Ubiquitination analysis in HEK293T cells co-transfected with HA-Ub, Myc-STUB1, and specified mutant His-RRM2, treated with 20 μM MG132 for 8 h. L Ubiquitination analysis in HEK293T cells co-transfected with Myc-STUB1, His-RRM2, and specified mutant HA-Ub, treated with 20 μM MG132 for 8 h. All in vitro experiments were carried out in three replicates.

Article Snippet: Human pancreatic cancer cell lines (MiaPaCa-2, Capan-1, PANC-1, BxPC-3, SW1990, AsPC-1, and HPDE cells) and HEK239T cells were sourced from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and maintained at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Knockdown, Over Expression, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Transfection, Staining, Plasmid Preparation, Ubiquitin Proteomics, Mutagenesis, In Vitro

Journal: Cell Death & Disease

Article Title: ENO1-mediated deoxycytidine synthesis and gemcitabine resistance by stabilizing RRM2 in pancreatic cancer

doi: 10.1038/s41419-025-08061-6

Figure Lengend Snippet: In PANC-1 cells, ENO1 was knocked down ( A ), and in SW1990 cells, ENO1 was overexpressed ( B ). Subsequently, RRM2 was either knocked down or overexpressed, and dCTP levels were measured. analyzed using a two-tailed Student’s t-test. C , D . Representative fluorescence images and quantitative statistical analysis of γ-H2AX foci in PANC-1 cells after knocking down ENO1 and adding dCTP or overexpressing RRM2, induced by gemcitabine (5 μM, 24 hours) ( C ). In SW1990 cells, after overexpressing ENO1 and adding RRM2 inhibitor (3AP) or knocking down RRM2, induced by gemcitabine (2 μM, 24 h) ( D ). Data are analyzed using a two-tailed Student’s t-test. E , F . CCK8 assay to detect gemcitabine sensitivity in PANC-1 cells after knocking down ENO1 and adding dCTP or overexpressing RRM2 ( E ), and in SW1990 cells after overexpressing ENO1 and adding RRM2 inhibitor (3AP) or knocking down RRM2 ( F ).analyzed using a two-tailed Student’s t-test. G , H . Apoptosis rate and corresponding statistical graph in PANC-1 cells after knocking down ENO1 and adding dCTP or overexpressing RRM2, induced by gemcitabine (5 μM, 24 h) ( G ). In SW1990 cells, after overexpressing ENO1 and adding RRM2 inhibitor (3AP) or knocking down RRM2, induced by gemcitabine (2 μM, 24 h) ( H ). Data are analyzed using a two-tailed Student’s t-test. I . Schematic diagram of the mechanism by which ENO1-mediated upregulation of RRM2 promotes gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer.All in vitro experiments were carried out in three replicates.

Article Snippet: Human pancreatic cancer cell lines (MiaPaCa-2, Capan-1, PANC-1, BxPC-3, SW1990, AsPC-1, and HPDE cells) and HEK239T cells were sourced from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and maintained at 37 °C in a 5% CO 2 incubator.

Techniques: Two Tailed Test, Fluorescence, CCK-8 Assay, In Vitro

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Radiotherapy Enhancement by Gold Nanocluster-functionalized Nanoliposomes Using Polychromatic Orthovoltage X-ray Irradiation

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.04.692299

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Brightfield images and corresponding viability heatmaps of microtumors incubated with AuLPs with 0 to 10 mol% of AuDDT without irradiation (0 Gy), and at 8 Gy (B), scale bar 400µm. (C) Quantification of microtumor viability in relation to AuDDT loaded on AuLPs for PANC-1 microtumors at different Xrays doses, 0, 4 and 8 Gy (Data was fitted with simple linear regression). (D) Quantification of normalized microtumor size in relation to AuDDT loaded on AuLPs for PANC-1 microtumors at different Xrays doses, 0, 4 and 8 Gy (curve was fitted for inhibitor vs normalized response-variable slope – four parameters). (E) Residual viable disease as the live fraction area remaining per condition, as AuDDT loaded on AuLPs (2mM) dose response for the different Xrays doses 0, 4 and 8 Gy. Data represent a sample sizes of n = 109-348.

Article Snippet: Human pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1 (CRL-1469) and MIA PaCa-2 (CRL-1420) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and used between passages 2 and 30.

Techniques: Incubation, Irradiation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Radiotherapy Enhancement by Gold Nanocluster-functionalized Nanoliposomes Using Polychromatic Orthovoltage X-ray Irradiation

doi: 10.64898/2025.12.04.692299

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) ICP-MS quantification of Au content in spleen, liver and tumor, at 3h, 5h and 24h post liposome injection. (B) BPD fluorescence signal in spleen, liver and tumor, at 3h, 5h and 24h post liposome injection. AuDDT signal intensity in spleen, liver and tumor, at 3h, 5h and 24h post liposome injection. Data represents n=9 from three technical repetitions. (D) Elemental mapping of orthotopic PANC-1 tumor sections by LIBS for quantification of phosphorus (P) and gold (Au) on Au+BPD treated mice, depicted are tumor tissue, at 3h, 5h and 24h post liposome injection and representative H&E staining of the tissue slide. Scale bar, 2 mm.

Article Snippet: Human pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1 (CRL-1469) and MIA PaCa-2 (CRL-1420) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and used between passages 2 and 30.

Techniques: Injection, Fluorescence, Staining